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New Words
Listeninglitter v. litter sth.(up) (with): make (a place) untidy (with scattered rubbish or sth. similar) 乱扔（垃圾）于；使（某处）凌乱
n. state of untidiness; light rubbish left lying about ,esp. in a public place 凌乱，杂乱；乱扔的杂物
  
mind-boggling a. [inf.] alarming; extraordinary or astonishing [口] 惊人的；不寻常的；令人惊异的
simultaneous a. happening or done at the same time 同时的；同时发生的；同时做出的*simultaneously ad. 同时发生地
befuddled a. made stupid; confused
搞糊涂的；迷迷糊糊的
perforce ad. [fml.] because it is necessary or inevitable
必然；必定
overblown a. 1. [fml.] overdone; pretentious 做得过分的；做作的
2.（of flowers）past their best; too fully
open (指花)盛期已过的，开得过盛的
  
millennium n. period of 1000 years 一千年
differentiate v. 1. see or show (two things) to be different 辨别；区分；区别
2. treat (people or things) in a different
way, esp. unfairly; discriminate 区别对
待（人或物）（尤指不公平地）
*differentiation n.[u] 区分；区别
  
coinage n. [u] 1. making coins；system of coins in use 所造的硬币；硬币币制
2. inventing of a new word or phrase 创造新词语
  
debasement n. [u] 1. reduce in the real value of (coins) by making them with less valuable metal （用贱金属铸币致使的）硬币实际价值的降低
2. reduce in quality or value or in the opinion of others; decrease （价值、品质）降低，贬低，贬损 		*debase vt. 1. lower the value of (coins) by using less
valuable metal in them 降低（硬币的）
价值（减少含贵金属的成色）
2. lower the quality, status or value of (sth.)降低（某物的）质量、地位或价值
Aztec n.
阿芝台克人，阿芝台克语
a. 阿芝台克人的		  
cowrie n. small shell formerly used as money in parts of Africa and Asia 宝贝（旧时在非洲及亚洲的部分地区用作钱币的小贝壳）  
Norsemen n. people of ancient Scandinavia, esp. Norway
 古代斯堪的纳维亚人；（尤指）古代挪威人  
hurdle n. [c] 1. difficulty to be overcome; obstacle 难关；障碍
2. (in athletics or horse-racing) each of a series of upright frames to be jumped over in a race 栏架，跳栏
  
trigger vt. be the cause of a sudden violent reaction; set an action or a process in motion
发动，引发
decree vt. order sth. as if by decree 发布（命令）；颁布 （法令）
n. order given by a ruler or an authority and having the force of the law 命令；法令
  
confiscate vt. take possession of (sb.’s property) by authority,
without payment or compensation没收（某人
的财产）；充公
*confiscation n. 没收
forcible a. [attrib作定语]1. done by or involving the use
of physical force 用强力的
2. convincing and effective; forceful 有说服力
的；强有力的
*forcibly ad. 强有力地
commute vt. replace (one punishment)by another that is less severe 减刑
vi. travel regularly by bus, train or car between one’s work place and one’s home 经常来往；通勤 		*commutation n. 1. reduction in a punishment 减刑
2. the act of exchanging one thing for other 交
换；转换
*commuter n. person who commuters 通勤者
exile n. being sent away from one’s native country or home, esp. for political reasons or as a
punishment; forced absence 流放；放逐；
充军
v. [esp. pass.]send sb. into exile 放逐某人
  
revival n. 1. recovery; coming or bringing back to health,
strength or consciousness 恢复，复原；复兴
2. coming or bringing back into use, activity,
fashion, etc. 重新使用；恢复活动；重新流行 		*revive v. 1. come or bring back to health, strength, or
consciousness恢复，复原；复兴
2. come or bring back into use, activity, fashion,
etc. 重新使用；恢复活动；重新流行
assignat n.
指券（1789至1796年法国大革命期间在法国作为通货发行的纸币）  
attachment n. [u] 1. action of attaching; being attached 附着；附属； 附带
2. affection; devotion; fondness 依恋；喜欢
 *attach v. 1. fasten in position ; fix or connect 系；贴；固定； 连接；附着
2. cause to be attached to or fond of 使依恋于或 喜爱
*attached a. full of affection for sb./sth. 依恋，爱慕，留恋
indubitably ad. doubtlessly, unquestionably 不容置疑地，毫无疑问地
* indubitable a. that cannot be doubted; without doubt 不容置疑的；无可怀疑的
fervent a. showing warmth and sincerity of feeling;
enthusiastic; passionate 诚挚的；热情的

 *fervently ad. 诚挚地；热情地
veto v. reject or forbid (sth.) authoritatively 否决或禁止 （某事物）
n. constitutional right to reject or forbid a proposal or action 否决权
  
resort v. 1. make use of sth. for help; adopt sth. as an
expedient 求助或诉诸于某事物；采取某手段
或方法应急或作为对策
2. (fml.) visit a place frequently or habitually;
frequent 常去，常到（某处）
n.[u] the action of resorting to sth. 求助；诉诸；采取；
凭靠
n.[c] 1. person or thing that is turned to for help;
expedient 可求助的人或事物；采取的应急手
段或对策
2. popular holiday center 度假胜地		  
ensue vi. happen afterwards or as a result; follow 继而发生；接着
 
populist n. supporter or representative of populism 平民主义者；平民论者 *populism n. type of poitics that claims to represent the interests
of ordinary people 平民主义，平民论
intrinsically ad. inherently 固有的；内在的；本质上

*intrinsic a. (of a value or quality) belonging naturally; existing within, not coming from outside (价值或性质)固有的，内在的，本质的
plague vt. 1. cause trouble or difficulty to (sb./sth.) 给（某人/ 某物）造成麻烦或困难
2. cause suffering or discomfort to 使某人受苦或难受
  
perpetrator n. person who commits a crime or does sth. considered outrageous 犯罪者；作恶者

*perpetrate vt. 1. commit (a crime, etc.) 犯（罪等）
2. be guilty of (a blunder, error, etc.) 做（错事）；犯（过失）
rouble n. (also ruble)unit of money in the former USSR 卢布
    
fake vt. 1. make (sth. false) so that it seems genuine 伪造（某物）
2. pretend (sth.);feign 假装；佯装
a. not genuine 假的；伪造的		  
undertake vt. 1. make oneself responsible for (sth.) 承担（某事
物）；负起（某事物）的责任
2. agree or promise to do sth. 同意或答应做某事 		*undertaking n. 1. work, etc. that one has undertaken; task or enterprise 任务；事业；企业
2. promise or guarantee 答应；许诺；保证；担保
counterfeiter n. person who counterfeit money, etc. 伪造者，仿制者
* counterfeit n, a. fake;(thing)made or done so that it is very similar
to another thing, in order to deceive 伪造的，假冒的；伪造物，赝品
v. copy or imitate (coins or handwriting, etc.) in order to deceive. 伪造，仿造（钱币）；模仿（笔迹等）		  
blemish n. 1. mark or stain that spoils the beauty or perfection of sb./sth. （有损于人或事物的美观或完美的） 污点或痕迹；瑕疵
2. defect, fault or flaw 缺点；过错；毛病
vt. spoil the beauty or perfection of (sb./sth.)；flaw; mar 有损于（某人、物）的美观或完美；玷污； 损伤
  
retort vt. make a quick, witty or angry reply, esp. to an accusation or challenge 反驳；回嘴
n. [u] retorting 反驳；回嘴
  
aesthetics n. branch of philosophy dealing with the principles of beauty and artistic taste 美学

 *aesthetic a. concerned with beauty and the appreciation of beauty 有关美的；美学的  
elusive a. difficult to remember or understand 难以记忆的； 难以理解的；难以捉摸的

 *elude vt. escape from, esp. by means of a trick 逃避；躲避
automate vt. [esp. passive] cause (sth.) to operate by automation
 使（某事物）自动操作
flaw n. mistake that lessens the effectiveness or validity of sth.
错误；缺点
inherent a. existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb./sth. 内在的；固有的；本来

 *inherently ad. by its or one’s nature; intrinsically内在地；固有地； 本质上
forensic a. [attr.定]of, related to or used in (courts of ) law
法庭的；用于法庭的；司法的  
lavish a. 1. abundant; plentiful 丰富的；大量的
2. giving or producing generously or in large quantities 慷慨的；大方的
  
foil vt. prevent sb. from carrying out a plan; prevent (a plan, etc.) from succeeding; frustrate
阻止（某人）执行 计划；阻挠（计划等）；挫败
intricacy n. [u] the quality or state of being complex 错综复杂；精细；难解
n.[c] [often pl.] sth. intricate 错综复杂的事物
    
drastic a. strong, sudden , and often violent and severe
 猛烈的；激烈的；果断的  
tout vi. try to get people to buy (one’s goods or services)
 兜售（货物）；招揽
aficionado n. [pl. –dos] fan
狂热爱好者；迷  
banality n. [u] quality of being banal 平常；乏味
n.[c] banal remark 平常话；陈词滥调		 *banal a. commonplace; uninteresting 平常的；乏味的  
resemblance n. (instance of) likeness or similarity 相似；相像 *resemble v. [no pass.] be like or similar to (another person or
thing) 与（他人或物）相似，像……
controversial a. causing or likely to cause controversy 引起或可能引起争议的 *controversy n. public discussion or argument, often rather angry
公开辩论；论战

 

重点词汇解析

Listening litter 　返回
v. make (a place) untidy with scattered rubbish 乱扔垃圾使（某处）凌乱
Plastic bags and newspapers littered the stadium after the pop singer’s concert.
那位流行歌手的音乐会结束后，体育馆内一片狼藉。
She’s always littering up her office with old newspapers and magazines.
她总是乱扔旧报纸和杂志，使办公室凌乱不堪。
His article is littered with mistakes. 他的文章错误百出。
n. state of untidiness; light rubbish left lying about ,esp. in a public place 凌乱，
杂乱；乱扔的杂物
The editor’s desk is always covered in a litter of books and papers.
编辑的桌上总是凌乱地堆放着书本和文稿。
mind-boggling 　返回
a. [inf.] alarming; extraordinary or astonishing [口]惊人的；不寻常的；令人惊异的
The calculating ability of that giant computer is quite mind-boggling.
那台巨型计算机的计算能力令人惊异。
The scale of the campaign was mind-boggling: the soldiers of the two sides added up to 1 million .
这场战役的规模是惊人的，双方投入的兵力竟达100万人。
simultaneous　返回
a. happening or done at the same time 同时的；同时发生的；同
时做出的
The majority of the international meetings today call for simultaneous interpretation.
当今绝大部分国际会议都要求有同声传译。
The audience burst into simultaneous applause when the speaker finished his eloquent speech.
当演讲者结束他雄辩的演说时，听众们不约而同地爆发出热烈的掌声。
*simultaneously ad. 同时地
The satellite has entered its orbit, and the observation on it has been undertaken
simultaneously.
卫星已进入轨道，对它的观测也在同步进行。
befuddled　返回

a. made stupid; confused 搞糊涂的；迷迷糊糊的
Returning home from a day’s work, I sat before the computer with a befuddled mind.
上了一天班回家后，我头昏脑胀地坐在电脑前。
Befuddled by drink, the man came to his neighbor’s door and tried to open it with his own key.
那个人喝了酒以后迷迷糊糊地来到邻居的门前，想用自己的钥匙把门打开。
perforce　返回
ad. because it is necessary or inevitable 必然；必定；只得
When a horse is shot, the man on the horseback perforce falls down.
马被击中时，马背上的人必然会跌落下来。
Much of what people are talking about dinosaurs is, perforce, guesswork.
关于恐龙，人们谈论的很多东西都必然是种猜测。
run to
[no pass.] extend to or reach (the specified amount or size) [不用被动]达
到
The participants in the marathon run to 500 people from 20 countries.
这次马拉松比赛的参赛者多达500人，来自20个国家。
The victims of this explosion have run to 120 people.
这次爆炸的受害者已经达到120人。
Listening in all likelihood
in all likelihood quite probably 很可能
In all likelihood this family will break up, for the couple have been quarreling very severely for nearly one year.
这个家庭很可能会解体，因为夫妻俩激烈争吵已将近一年。
In all likelihood she will come to the party if invited.
若受到邀请，她很可能会来参加这个晚会。
overblown a. 　返回

(1) overdone; pretentious 做得过分的；做作的
This novel is widely criticized for its overblown style of writing.
这部小说因其华而不实的文体而饱受批评。
(2) （of flowers）past their best; too fully open (指花)盛期已过的，开得过盛的
The overblown roses are to wither and fall.
这些盛期已过的玫瑰即将凋谢。
[fig.] overblown beauty 迟暮美人
millennium n.　返回
period of 1000 years 千年
There were celebrations all over the world when the human history entered the new millennium.
当人类历史进入新千年的时候，全世界的人们都在庆祝。
differentiate v. 　返回
(1) see or show (two things) to be different 辨别；区分；区别
I cannot differentiate between the two varieties of flowers.
我不能区分这两种不同的花卉。
Can you differentiate one variety of the flowers from the other?
你能把这些花区别开来吗？
(2) treat (people or things) in a different way, esp. unfairly; discriminate 区别对
待（人或物）（尤指不公平地）
It is wrong to differentiate between people according to their races.
根据种族把人区别对待是错误的。
*differentiation n.[u] 区分；区别
The differentiation between the real notes and faked ones is a piece of cake for
the clerks in banks.
区分真假纸币对于银行的职员们来说是小菜一碟。
coinage 　返回
n.[u] (1)making coins；system of coins in use 铸造硬币；硬币币制
Small as it is, this mint is in charge of the coinage of the whole country.
这家造币厂尽管规模不大，却承担了全国的硬币铸造任务。
(2) inventing of a new word or phrase 创造新词语
With the rapid development of the society, the coinage of new words
becomes faster. 随着社会的迅速发展，新词语的创造变得越来越
快了。
n.[c] a word invented
That word is a coinage based on the scandal about a politician.
那个单词是根据一位政治家的丑闻而创造的新词语。
debasement n.[u]　返回

*debase vt.
(1) lower the value of (coins) by using less valuable metal in them （减少含贵金属的成色）降低（硬币的）价值
(2) lower the quality, status or value of (sth.) 降低（某物的）质量、地位或价值
He debased himself by doing such a disgusting thing.
他因做出这种令人恶心的事情而贬低了自己。
Listening be derived from have sth.
as a starting-point, source or origin; originate from
从……得到；来源于，源自
The English word “kowtow” is derived from/derives from Chinese.
“kowtow”这个英语单词源自汉语。
The name of this street is derived from three martyrs.
这条街因三位烈士而得名。
hurdle n.[c] 　返回
(1) difficulty to be overcome; obstacle 难关；障碍
I’ve successfully passed the written test，but the interview is a great hurdle.
我已成功地通过了笔试，但面试是一个极大的难关。
(2) (in athletics or horse-racing) each of a series of upright frames to be jumped over in a race. 栏架，跳栏
The horse performed extremely well in the hurdle-race.
在跨栏比赛中，那匹马表现得极为突出。
trigger vt. 　返回

be the cause of a sudden violent reaction; set an action or a process in
motion 发动，引发
The assassination triggered (off) the First World War.
那次刺杀事件引发了第一次世界大战。
The war against Taliban was triggered (off) by the September 11th terrorist attacks.
对塔利班的战争是由“九·一一”恐怖袭击引起的。
decree　返回
vt. order sth. as if by decree 发布（命令）；颁布（法令）
President decreed a day of mourning after the terrorist attack.
恐怖袭击发生以后，总统发布了哀悼一日的命令。
n. order given by a ruler or an authority and having the force of the law 命令；法令
The dictator issued a decree that the whole nation should celebrate his birthday.
那位独裁者发布命令，全国人们必须庆祝他的生日。
confiscate vt.　返回
take possession of (sb.’s property) by authority, without payment or
compensation 没收（某人的财产）；充公
After the official was discovered to have taken large-sum bribery, all his property
was confiscated.
在那位官员被发现曾经接受巨额贿赂以后，他所有的财产都被没收了。
*confiscation n. 没收，充公
The confiscation of the smuggled goods frustrated the smuggler greatly.
走私货物被没收，使这位走私犯非常沮丧。
for all despite;

in spite of 尽管；虽然
For all you say, I think he’s the best teacher we have ever had.
不管你怎么说，我认为他是我们最好的老师。
For all his fame and great achievements，Einstein was a very simple man.
尽管爱因斯坦名声显赫，成就巨大，他却是一位很淳朴的人。
Listening forcible a. 　返回
[attrib 作定语]
(1) done by or involving the use of physical force 用强力的
Having failed to persuade the criminal to surrender, the police made a forcible
entry into the room.
由于不能劝说那个罪犯投降，警方强行冲入了房间。
(2) convincing and effective; forceful 有说服力的；强有力的
The eloquent speaker presented a forcible address at the meeting. 在会上，那位
雄辩的演说家发表了令人信服的演说。
*forcibly ad. 强有力地；强行
As the peddlers refused to leave the campus，several policemen came and took them away forcibly. 小贩们拒绝离开校园，几个警察到来，强行将他们带走。
call sb./sth. in
enlist someone’s aid or services; order or request the return of sth. 征召某人帮忙；下令或请求召回某物
The head of the train crew has called in a doctor because a woman is going to give birth to a baby. 列车长请来医生，因为一位女性乘客即将临产。
The toy company has decided to call in the defective products all over the world.
那家玩具公司已决定在全球范围内召回那些有缺陷的产品。
sentence sb.
to life imprisonment state that sb. has to live his rest life in
prison as a punishment 判处某人终生监禁
He was sentenced to life imprisonment for an attempted murder. 他因为蓄意谋杀而被判处终生监禁。
commute 　返回

vt. replace (one punishment)by another that is less severe 减刑
His death sentence was commute to life imprisonment for his good
performance in the prison. 由于他在狱中表现出色，他的死刑被减为终生
监禁。
vi. travel regularly by bus, train or car between one’s work place and one’s home
经常来往；通勤
She commutes from her home to the university every day. 她每天乘车往返
于家和大学之间。
*commutation n. 来往
Getting tired of the commutation between her home and the university, she decided to rent a flat nearby. 她对每天往返于家和学校之间感到厌倦，因此决定在附近租一套房子。
exile 　返回
n. being sent away from one’s native country or home, esp. for political reasons or
as a punishment 流放；放逐；充军
The general was sent into exile for his reluctance to carry out the king’s cruel
order. 将军因为不愿执行国王残暴的命令而被放逐。
v. [esp. pass.] send sb. into exile 放逐某人
He was exiled to the border areas after his attempt to overthrow the king had failed. 在推翻国王的企图失败以后，他被放逐到边疆。
revival n. 　返回

(1) recovery; coming or bringing back to health, strength or consciousness 恢复，复原
After the economic turmoil in 1997, the economy in Asia is undergoing a
revival. 经历了1997年的经济动荡以后，亚洲的经济正在复苏。
(2) coming or bringing back into use, activity , fashion, etc. 重新使用；恢复活
动；重新流行
The revival of this old custom is quite out of the expectation of the
sociologists. 这种旧风俗的重新流行大大出乎社会学家们的意料。
*revive v.
(1) come or bring back to health, strength, or consciousness恢复，复原
After a critical win, the failing spirits of that football team revived.
赢得了一场关键的比赛以后，那支球队衰弱的士气又得到了恢复。
(2) come or bring back into use, activity, fashion, etc. 重新使用；恢复活动；重
新流行
The government is making every effort to revive the local tourism industry.
政府正在尽最大努力去重振当地的旅游业。
Listening attachment n. 　返回
(1) fondness; affection; devotion 喜爱；依恋；眷恋；留恋
Mary has a strong attachment to oil painting. 玛丽很喜爱油画。
The sailor felt a strong attachment to his new wife and was reluctant to go out
to sea again. 这个海员很依恋他的新婚妻子，不大愿意再出海了。
(2) action of attaching; being attached 附着；附属；附带
This special group is on attachment to the Ministry of Defence.
这个特别小组隶属于国防部。
*attach v. fasten or join sth. to sth. else 将某物系在、附在（另一物）上
She attached the document to her letter with a pin.
她用别针把那份文件附在信上。
*attached a. full of affection for sb./sth. 依恋，爱慕，留恋
Having lived in this courtyard for 20 years, we have grown very attached to it.
在这个院落里住了20年以后，我们对它已非常依恋了。
indubitably ad. 　返回
Indubitably the mission of modernization cannot be accomplished in one generation.
毫无疑问，现代化的使命不能由一代人实现。
*indubitable a. that cannot be doubted; without doubt 不容置疑的；无可怀疑的
It is indubitable that he is an elite in information technology.
毫无疑问，他是信息技术界的精英。
fervent a. 　返回
showing warmth and sincerity of feeling; enthusiastic; passionate 诚挚
的；热情的；热烈的
The newly elected President delivered his fervent inaugural address at Capitol
yesterday.
新当选的总统昨天在国会大厦发表了激情洋溢的就职演说。
It’s incredible that the singer star was hurt by one of her fervent fans.
令人难以置信的是，那位歌星是被她的一位热情的歌迷伤害的。
*fervently ad. 热情地
The followers cheered fervently when Martin Luther King delivered his speech “I
Have a Dream”. 当马丁?路德?金发表演讲“我有一个梦想”时，其追随者们
狂热地欢呼。
veto v. 　返回
reject or forbid (sth.) authoritatively 否决或禁止（某事物）
The President vetoed the draft resolution of the Congress.
总统否决了国会的决议草案。
n. constitutional right to reject or forbid a proposal or action 否决权
As a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council，China has a veto over any proposal.
作为联合国安理会常任理事国之一，中国对任何提议都有一票否决权。
The committee exercised the power of veto over the resolution to raise the price of train tickets.
委员会对提高火车票价的这一提议行使了否决权。
resort to make use of sth.　返回
for help; adopt sth. as an expedient 求助或诉诸于
某事物；采取某种手段或方法应急或作为对策
Being cold and hungry, the pauper could do nothing but to resort to stealing.
那个贫民又冷又饿，只得去偷东西。
The country threatened to resort to force if the agreement couldn’t be reached.
那个国家威胁，如果不能达成协议，它就要诉诸武力
ensue vi.　返回

happen afterwards or as a result; follow 继而发生；接着
They are still unaware of what will ensue from this hasty action.
他们尚未意识到这样草率的行为会带来的后果。
Two congressmen fought with each other in the ensuing debate.
在接下来的辩论中，两个议员打了起来。
Listening intrinsically ad. 　返回
by its nature; inherently 内在地，本质上
It is possible to change his stand, because intrinsically he is not bad.
改变他的立场是可能的，因为他本质上并不坏。
These two problems are intrinsically different. 这两个问题有本质上的不同。
*intrinsic a. (of a value or quality) belonging naturally; existing within；inherent
(价值或性质)固有的，内在的，本质的
the intrinsic value of a coin 硬币本身的价值
His theory is so abstract that few people can realize its intrinsic value.
他的理论太抽象，很少有人能意识到它的内在价值。
Her behavior showed her intrinsic kindness. 她的行为显示了她出自本性的善
良。
pass sb./sth.
off as sb./sth. else represent sb./sth. falsely as sb./sth. else 把某人/某物冒充别的人或物
It was reported that one of the terrorists had escaped by passing himself off as a hostage.
据报道，一个恐怖分子冒充人质逃跑了。
The actress was nearly 50, but she could pass herself off as only 40.
那位女演员将近50岁了，但她可以冒充才40岁。
plague 　返回

vt. cause trouble or difficulty to (sb./sth.) 给（某人/某物）造成麻烦或困难
The prominent athlete was plagued by poverty and loneliness in his late years.
那位伟大的运动员在晚年饱受贫穷和孤独之苦。
n.[c] 瘟疫，鼠疫；苦恼，烦扰
The polluted river used to be a great plague to the Shanghai residents.
那条受污染的河流过去曾让上海居民苦不堪言。
perpetrator n.　返回
person who commits a crime or does sth. considered outrageous
犯罪者；作恶者
That notorious perpetrator of robbery was sentenced to death yesterday.
那个臭名昭著的抢劫犯昨天被判处死刑。
*perpetrate vt. commit (a crime, etc.)；be guilty of (a blunder, error, etc.) 犯（罪
等）；做（错事）；犯（过失）
The Japanese invaders perpetrated monstrous crimes in China.
日本侵略者曾在中国犯下滔天罪行。
It was revealed that the rebel forces had perpetrated an organized massacre in the suburb.
据披露，叛军在郊区进行了有组织的大屠杀。
by birth
(1) by virtue of one’s extraction 根据血统
He is Chinese by birth, though he grew up in France. 尽管他在法国长大，但论血统父母亲是中国人。
(2) having a special natural quality or ability生来，天生
He is so prominent in track and field! He is an athlete by birth（He is a born athlete）.
他在田径方面如此出众！他天生就是当运动员的料。
fake vt. 　返回

(1) make (sth. false) so that it seems genuine 伪造（某物）
He faked his grandfather’s signature to withdraw the money from the bank.
他伪造了祖父的签名去银行取那笔钱。
(2) pretend (sth.);feign 假装；佯装
To confuse the enemy, the general faked a serious illness.
为了迷惑敌人，将军假装患了重病。
a. not genuine 假的；伪造的
The police arrested the fake journalist，who had cheated in many government departments.
警方逮捕了那个冒牌记者，因他曾在许多政府部门行骗。
Listening undertake v. 　返回
(1) make oneself responsible for (sth.) 承担（某事物）；负起（某事物）的责
任
After the repeated persuasion of his friend, he undertook the mission with
reluctance. 在朋友的一再劝说下，他勉强接受了这项使命。
(2) agree or promise (to do sth.) 同意或答应（做某事）
Tom undertook to pay back/ that he would pay back the money as soon as possible. 汤姆保证会尽早归还这笔钱款。
Our country undertook to preserve a strictly neutral position in that conflict.
我国承诺在这场冲突中严守中立。
*undertaking n.
(1) work, etc. that one has undertaken; task or enterprise 任务；事业；企业
A large number of overseas Chinese established various industrious
undertakings in this region.
许多海外华人在这个地区开办了各种各样的工厂。
(2) promise or guarantee 答应；许诺；保证；担保
She gave a solemn undertaking to stand by us on that issue.
她郑重承诺，将在这个议题上支持我们。
make hay
[infml.] make good use of chances [非正式] 抓紧时机
I told him to make hay whine the situation is in his favor. 趁形势对他有利，我要
他抓紧时机。
make hay (of sb./sth.) destroy (sb./sth.); throw (sb./sth.) into confusion 搞垮
某人/某物；使某人/某物陷于混乱
The unexpected appearance of police on the spot made hay of his plan.
警方突然出现在现场，使他的计划未能得逞。
The sudden power failure made hay of the recording.
突如其来的停电使录音工作一片混乱。
counterfeiter n. 　返回
person who counterfeit money, etc. 伪造者，仿制者
*counterfeit
a. fake 伪造的，假冒的
The shop owner failed to distinguish the counterfeit note because of the dim light in the room. 由于屋子里光线昏暗，店老板未能辨认出那张假币。
n. (thing)made or done so that it is very similar to another thing, in order to deceive伪造物，赝品
After careful identification, the expert claimed this painting was a counterfeit.
经过仔细的鉴定，那位专家宣称这幅画是赝品。
v. copy or imitate (coins or handwriting, etc.) in order to deceive 伪造，仿造（钱币）；模仿（笔迹等）
The police have just caught a gang of criminals counterfeiting credit cards.
警方刚抓获了一个伪造信用卡的犯罪团伙。
blemish n. 　返回
(1) mark or stain that spoils the beauty or perfection of sb./sth. 有损于人或事物的美观或完美的）污点或痕迹；瑕疵
There isn’t a single blemish on the porcelain ware.
这件瓷器毫无瑕疵。
(2) defect, fault or flaw 缺点；过错；毛病
He is a worthy gentleman. There is no blemish on his records.
他是一位高尚的绅士；他个人历史上没有任何污点。
vt. spoil the beauty or perfection of (sb./sth.)；flaw (sth.); mar(sth.) 有损于（某人、
物）的美观或完美；玷污；损伤
The professor’s lecture was blemished by his strong accent.
那位教授的讲课因其明显的地方口音而逊色。
under wraps
[inf.] secret or hidden 保密；隐藏
After being kept under wraps for half a century, the truth of the event was first revealed by a woman reporter.
在保密了半个世纪以后，该事件的真相由一位女记者首次披露。
The director warned us to keep our plan under wraps before it was carried out.
主任告诫我们，在执行该计划之前必须对此严加保密。
retort vt.　返回

make a quick, witty or angry reply, esp. to an accusation or challenge 反驳；
回嘴
My lawyer assured me that their accusation of me could be very easily
retorted.
律师向我断言，他们对我的指控很容易被驳倒。
When I criticized him for this accident, he retorted that I am also to blame.
当我因这起事故批评他时，他反驳说我也该受到责备。
n. [u] retorting 反驳；回嘴
He opened his mouth and made a gentle but forceful retort.
他开口作了平心静气然而有力的反驳。
Listening elusive a. 　返回
difficult to remember, understand or capture 难以记忆的；难以理解
的；难以捕捉的
This idea is too elusive to be put in explicit words.
这种想法不能用明晰的语言表达。
*elude vt.
(1) escape (esp. by a trick or cleverness); avoid 躲避（尤指用计谋或智慧）；
逃避
The criminal eluded capture for weeks by hiding in a cave.
罪犯在一个山洞里躲了几个星期以逃避追捕。
(2) escape the memory or understanding of (sb.) （某人）不记得，不理解
I recognized the fashion model in the street, but her name eluded me.
在街上我认出了那位时装模特，但想不起她的名字了。
automate vt. 　返回
[esp. passive] cause (sth.) to operate by automation使（某事物）自
动操作
After the introduction of advanced equipment, the production in the plant is now
fully automated.
在引进了先进设备以后，那家工厂的生产现在已完全实现了自动化。
flaw n. 　返回
mistake that lessens the effectiveness or validity of sth. 错误；缺点
The shrewd businessman detected a flaw in the contract before signing it.
那位精明的商人在签合同之前发现了其中的一处纰漏。
inherent a.　返回
existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb./sth. 内在
的；固有的；本来的
There is an inherent weakness in the design of that project.
这个项目的设计中有一个内在缺陷。
Birds have an inherent sense of direction. 鸟儿有一种内在的方向感。
*inherently ad. 固有地；内在地
The experts pointed out that this design was inherently weak.
专家们指出，这个设计有内在的缺陷。
lavish a. 　返回
(1) abundant; plentiful 丰富的；大量的
The awarding ceremony of the movie festival was a vast and lavish affair.
电影节的颁奖仪式规模盛大，极尽铺张。
(2) giving or producing generously or in large quantities 慷慨的；大方的
He was lavish with his praise for/in praising his boss.
他对自己的老板赞誉有加。
foil vt.　返回

prevent sb. from carrying out a plan; prevent (a plan, etc.) from succeeding; frustrate 阻止（某人）执行计划；阻挠（计划等）；挫败
The report foiled the kidnappers’ attempt to kidnap the wife and son of the famous
football player. 记者挫败了绑匪们想绑架那位著名球星妻儿的企图。
The nine-year-old boy foiled the two cheats’ plan to ask his parents for a ransom.
那个九岁的小男孩挫败了两个骗子向他父母索取赎金的计划。
Listening tout v. 　返回
(1) [often derog.] praise greatly (esp. as a form of advertising) [常贬] 高度赞扬，吹捧（尤指以广告形式）
This new film has been widely touted in the press. 这部新电影在报纸上受到高度赞扬。
The most dangerous terrorist, Bin Laden, used to be highly touted in his circle. 本?拉登这个最危险的恐怖主义者曾经在他的圈子里受到大肆吹捧。
(2) try to get people to buy (one’s goods or services) 兜售（货物）；招揽
Some peddlers are touting various telephone cards in the street behind the
university. 一些小贩在大学后面的街上兜售各种电话卡。
The sales manager spared no effort to tout customers for orders.
销售经理不遗余力地向顾客拉订单。
feature vt.
have as a prominent attribute or aspect; become a prominent attribute
or aspect of 以……为特色；成为……的特色
The Christmas feast features a turkey and a variety of desserts.
圣诞晚宴以一只火鸡以及各种甜点为特色。
A turkey and a variety of desserts feature the Christmas feast.
火鸡和各种甜点心成为圣诞晚宴的特色。
This festival features all kinds of magic shows.
这个节日以各种魔术表演为特色。
All kinds of magic shows feature this festival.
各种魔术表演成为这个节日的特色。
de facto
[Latin] existing in actual fact, whether rightly or not [拉丁]实际上存
在的（不论合法与否）
The young man succeeded his father as the emperor, but his mother was the de
facto ruler. 那个年轻人接替父亲当上了皇帝，但他的母亲才是真正的统治
者。
in an effort to do sth.
in an attempt to do sth. 努力想做某事
In an effort to avoid waking up the baby, I talked with my wife in a low voice.
为了不把孩子吵醒，我和妻子小声交谈。
He drove all the way to my university in an effort to see me.
为了见我一面，他远道开车来到我们大学。
resemblance n.　返回
(instance of) likeness or similarity 相似；相像
There is a degree of resemblance between the two designs.
这两种设计之间有一定程度的相似性。（这两种设计在一定程度上相似。）
*resemble v. [no passive; not used in the continuous tense] be like or similar to
(another person or thing) [不用于被动语态；不用于进行时态] 与（他人或物）
相似，像……
The doctor examined the patient with an instrument resembling a pen.
医生用一个形似钢笔的仪器对病人进行检查。
bear a resemblance to resemble

; be like 与……相似；与……相像
Don’t believe him; what he said bears no resemblance to the facts.
不要相信他；他所说的不符合事实。
She bears a striking resemblance to her mother. 她和她妈妈长得惊人地相像。
controversial a. 　返回
causing or likely to cause controversy 引起或可能引起争议的
He was a rather controversial figure in Chinese history.
他在中国历史上是一个很有争议的人物。
The pioneer writer presented a very controversial idea in her book.
这位开拓型作家在她的书中陈述了一个颇有争议的观点。
*controversy n. public discussion or argument, often rather fierce 公开辩论；论战
There was a controversy about whether to build the big dam or not.
就是否修建这条大坝一问题，曾有过公开的辩论。
The appointment of the new Ministry of Defense aroused a lot of controversy.
新国防部长的任命引起了很多争议。
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