a.
(1) really terrible; causing great fear 很可怕的；骇人的
-------The terrorists committed horrendous crimes. 恐怖分子犯下了骇人的滔天大罪。
(2) (infml) extremely unpleasant (非正式)极讨厌的
-------What a horrendous trip we had to take! 我们得进行一次多么讨厌的旅行啊！

vt.
1) (make sb.) give a solemn promise of （使某人）发誓，作保证
-------They have pledged their support for our experiment. 他们发誓支持我们的实验。
-------They have pledged that they will always remain loyal to each other. 他们发誓永远忠于对方。
2) leave (sth.) with sb. as a pledge 典当（某物）
-------He had to pledge his mother’s wedding ring.他不得不把母亲的结婚戒指典当了。

n. [C]
1) solemn promise 誓言；誓约；保证
-------The plan was told me under pledge of secrecy. 我是发誓保密才获知此计划的。
-------When you’ve made a pledge, you should always try to honour it. 当你许下了一个诺言时，你就要尽力去履行。
2) sth. valuable left with a person to be kept until the giver has done sth. promised 抵押品
-------He left a diamond as a pledge for the borrowed horse. 他留下一块钻石作为借马的抵押。
3) sth. given to sb. as a sign of friendship, love, etc. （表示友谊、爱情等的）信物，象征物
-------I give this ring to you as a pledge of my everlasting love for you. 我把这枚戒指给你作为永远爱你的信物。
注意pledge作动词时的用法（在前二句中“to”为介词，在第二句中“to”为引导动词不定式。
A. pledge to do sth. 和 pledge oneself to do sth. 同义，但前者pledge为不及物动词而后者为及物动词；要表示“保证不做某事”之意时，需在不定式前加not或never予以否定:
-------They pledged never to tell the secret to anyone. 他们保证决不泄密。
B. be pledged to 后面可跟三种形式：
a. 名词：Amy is pledged to secrecy. 艾米保证保密。
b. 动名词：Amy is pledged to keeping a secret. 艾米保证保密。
c. 不定式：Amy is pledged to keep it a strict secret. 艾米保证严守秘密。
C. pledge可有双宾语。Amy pledged us her support. 艾米保证支持我们。
等同于：Amy pledged her support to us

vt.
make (a determined decision or promise) to do sth. 立誓要做
-------They vowed revenge on their opponents. 他们发誓要向对手报仇。
-------“I vow to thee, my country—all earthly things above--/Entire and whole and perfect, the service of my love” (Cecil Arthur Spring-Rice Last Poem, 1920) “我对你起誓，我的祖国—有尘世万物在上作证一切尘世的事在上--/我将全部、整体、完美地用我的爱为你服务”（引自塞西尔?阿瑟?斯普林莱斯《最后的诗》）

n. [C]
solemn promise or undertaking, esp. of a religious nature 誓约，誓言（尤指宗教的）
-------Nuns are under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience all their lives. 修女须立誓终身保持清贫、贞洁、顺从。
-------She took a vow never to lend money to him again. 她发誓决不借钱给他。

n. [U] the quality or state of being unknown or unacknowledged 匿名，无名，姓氏不详；隐匿或不被注意的状态
-------The suspect was interviewed with her back to the camera, so as to preserve her anonymity. 嫌疑犯接受采访时背对照相机，以保持匿名。
-------They have been working in anonymity for three decades. 他们默默无闻工作了30年。

anonymous a.
(of a person) with name unknown; done by sb. whose name is unknown 无名的，不具名的；匿名的，不知名的
-------He was scared by the anonymous letter. 这封匿名信使他受到惊吓。

vi. explode or burst out suddenly 爆发；突然发生
-------Since the volcano last erupted five years ago, many houses have been built in a dangerous position on its slopes. 自从五年前火山上次喷发之后，许多房屋建在火山坡上很危险的位置。
-------Her face erupted in small red spots. 她脸上突然起了许多小红点。
--------At the end of a hot summer, violence erupted in the costal cities. 一个炎热的夏末，沿海城市突然发生了暴力事件。
-------Father erupted with anger at the sight of his school report. 父亲看了他的成绩单勃然大怒。

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vi. struggle or compete with others eagerly, esp. to get sth. or a share of sth. 争夺，争抢（尤指为得到某事物）
-------After waiting for several hours, they scrambled madly to get the best seats. 等了一个多小时以后，他们发疯似地争抢最好的座位。
-------Cuts in funding have sent arts groups scrambling to find/for new sources of income. 基金的削减促使艺术团体急于寻找新的收入来源。

vt.
mix together the transparent and yellow parts of (eggs) with a little milk and butter while cooking them, so that they form a solid yellow mixture 炒（蛋）
-------Should I scramble the eggs or just poach them? 你要我把鸡蛋炒一炒还是放在水里煮一煮？
-------We normally have scrambled eggs on toast for breakfast. 我们通常早饭吃炒蛋夹烤面包片。

(cause a factory, etc. to) stop working; close（使工厂等）停工，歇业，关闭
-------The commission has ordered two mines to be shut down. 这个委员会已下令关闭两个煤矿。
-------Both chemical factories were shut down for safety reasons. 由于安全原因，这两家化工厂都被关闭了。

(1) find a solution to (a problem/one’s own problems, etc.); deal with; make clear 解决（某个[自己的]问题等）；处理；澄清
I need to sort my life/myself out a bit, before I start looking for a new job.
我需要先安顿一下，然后再去找新的工作。
We’ve sorted out the computer system’s initial problems.
我们解决了计算机的初始化问题。
They haven’t sorted out how to fix the equipment.
他们尚未弄清楚怎样修理该设备。
2) (infml) punish or attack (sb.), esp. in order to make them understand that they have behaved badly 惩罚，袭击
Has he been bothering you again—do you want me to sort him out?
他是不是又骚扰你了—是否需要我去教训他一顿？
3) separate…from—分拣，挑选
Sort out any clothes you want to throw away and give them to me.
拣出你要扔的衣服，把它们给我。
4) make (sb.) less confused or unsettled 使（某人）较清楚；使（某人）情绪稳定
She felt frustrated after failing the test, but we managed to sort her out.
她测验失败后感到沮丧，但我们设法使她振作起来。

n.[u] (action of) participating in sth 参加
--- The active participation of the workers in the strike forced the management to accept their　demands. 工人们在罢工中的积极参与迫使资方接受了他们的要求。

* participant: n. person or group of people participating in sth 参加者
--- All the participants in the debate had an opportunity to speak. 所有参加辩论的人都有机会发言。

1).Hindu spiritual leader 古鲁（印度的宗教领袖）
2). (fig,, inf) respected and influential leader, authority or expert [喻；口] （受尊敬、有影响力的）领导、权威或专家
--- Martin Luther King was the guru of the American Civil Rights Movement. 马丁·路德·金是美国民权运动的领袖。
--- Tiger Woods, the guru of golf, is regarded as one of the greatest athletes of the year. 高尔夫球大师泰格·伍兹被认为是本年度最伟大的运动员之一。

n.[u ] the study of secret writing and codes 密码学
--- Cryptograph plays a more important role in this e-age. 在这个电子时代里密码学起着更
重要的作用。

*cryptographer: n. 密码学家
*cryptographic: a. 密码学的

vt. deal out; give out (to a number of people) 给予；施于；分配（给一群人）
--- Tom didn't think the general manager had dispensed justice in dealing with the matter. 汤姆觉得总经理在处理这件事时并没有主持公道。
--- The machine dispenses orange juice coffee to anyone who puts in a coin. 售货机把橘子汁分发给投了硬币的人。

* dispensation: n.[u] action of dispensing or distributing 分配；分发
--- The dispensation of coffee to the workers becomes quite easy with the introduction of the new machine. 由于引进了新机器，给工人们分发咖啡变得很容易了。

1). state as true; argue for (an opinion) 主张；为……辩解
--- No matter what he said, I still maintained he was lying. 无论他说什么，我始终坚持他在撒谎。
2). continue to have ,do, etc., as before 维持；保持
--- He took the lead, and maintained it till the end of the race. 他带头领跑，并一直保持到比赛的终点。
3). support with money; support financially 赡养
--- He has to do part-time jobs as he has a large family to maintain. 由于有一大家人要养，他不得不做几份兼职工作。
4). keep (sth) in good condition or working order 保养；维修
--- Their group is in charge of maintaining that road. 他们的小组负责保养这条公路。

*maintenance: n.[u ] maintaining or being maintained 保持；维持；赡养；保养；维修；坚持
--- President attaches great importance to the maintenance of good relations with that developing country. 总统很重视保持和那个发展中国家的友好关系。

vt. give or obtain new life; grow again 新生；再生；革新
--- This creature's tail will regenerate if it's cut off. 这种生物的尾巴在被切掉以后能再生。
--- The human body can regenerate hair and nails. 人体能再生头发和指甲。

* regeneration n.[u] 新生；再生；革新
--- After the three-year depression, now there are some signs of economic regeneration. 在经过三年的萧条后，现在有了经济复苏的迹象。

n.[c] a written statement that one has received money 收据；收条
--- Ask the shop for a receipt when you pay the bill. 付钱以后要商店出具收据。
vt. mark as paid 开收据； 签收
--- He receipted the bill. 他为帐单开了一张收据。

n. wrong or bad use or treatment of sth./sb 滥用；妄用
--- Drug abuse among youngsters should be firmly banned. 青少年吸毒应该被坚决禁止。
v. make bad or wrong use of sth/sb 滥用；妄用
--- The corrupt official was accused of abusing privilege. 那个贪官因为滥用职权而受到指控。

n.[u ] state of being anonymous 无名；匿名；作者不明

* anonymous a.
1). with a name that is not known or not made public 不知姓名的；名字不公开的
--- The donor of the large sum of money wished to remain anonymous. 这位巨款的捐赠者希望姓名不公开。
2). written or given by sb who does not reveal his name 匿名的；不具名的
--- The anonymous letter drew the attention of the mayor. 这封匿名信引起了市长的注意

n.[u ] (system of) raising money by taxes; taxes to be paid 征税；税制；税款；
税金
--- The government's policy of reducing taxation greatly stimulates the recovery of economy.
政府的减税政策极大地刺激了经济的复苏。

vt. give a promise of quality, payment, or fulfillment about 担保；保证

--- They guarantee the watch for 3 years. 这块表他们保修三年。
--- Who can guarantee that he will keep his word? 谁能担保他会信守诺言？n. 担保；保证
--- Modesty is the best guarantee against conceit. 谦虚是防止骄傲自满的最好保证。

1). take as a fact or as true without proof; suppose 假定
--- We must assume him to be innocent until he is proved guilty. 在他被证明有罪之前，我们必须假定他是清白的。
2). begin to use or perform 采用；承担
--- The prince assumed power when he was only fifteen. 王子在十五岁时就执掌大权。

* assumption n.
1). thing accepted as true or as sure to happen, but not proved 假定；假设；设想
--- The Flat Earth Theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions, thus it is misleading. 地球平地理论是一系列错误的设想为根据的，因此具有误导性。
2). act of taking on (a position, etc) 承担；担任（职务等）
--- Her assumption of supreme power opened a new epoch in the history of this country. 她执掌大权，开辟了这个国家历史上的新时代。

vt. (to, for) change so as to be or make suitable for new needs, different conditions, etc.; to modify sth 使适应；使适合；改编，改装
--- We adapted ourselves quickly to the new climate. 我们很快适应了新的气候。
--- Only the animals and plants which are best adapted to their surroundings can survive.只有那些最能适应环境的动植物才能生存。
--- This machine has been specially adapted for use underwater. 这机器是为水下使用而特别改装的。

* adaptation
1). n.[u] (esp. biology) action or process of adapting or being adapted [尤用于生物学] 适应；适应性；适应性变化
--- Rapid cultural adaptation is very important to a person who works in a new country. 对于一个在新国家工作的人来说，从文化上迅速适应是很重要的。
2). n[c] thing made by adapting sth else, esp. a text for production on the stage, radio, etc 改编物；改编本
--- The adaptations of the great works have once played a significant role in educating the young. 这些名著的改编本在教育年轻人方面曾经起过重要作用。

* adaptable a.
1). able to adapt oneself/itself 能适应的；适应性强的
--- The old man who has met with different situations is very adaptable. 那位曾经有过不同遭遇的老人适应性很强。
2). able to be adapted 可改编的；可改写的
--- The dramatist thought the novel is adaptable although it wouldn't be easy. 那位戏剧家认为这部小说可以改编，尽管这不会太容易。